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''Against Method: Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge'' is a 1975 book about the philosophy of science by Paul Feyerabend, who argues that science is an anarchic enterprise, not a nomic (customary) one.〔Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. 4th ed., New York, NY: Verso Books, 2010, p. 1.〕 In the context of this work, the term anarchy refers to epistemological anarchy. == Content == Feyerabend divides his argument into an abstract critique followed by a number of historical case studies.〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 7.〕 The abstract critique is a reductio ad absurdum of methodological monism (the belief that a single methodology can produce scientific progress).〔Lloyd, Elisabeth. "Feyerabend, Mill, and Pluralism", ''Philosophy of Science'' 64, p. S397.〕 Feyerabend goes on to identify four features of methodological monism: the principle of falsification,〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 45.〕 a demand for increased empirical content,〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 27.〕 the forbidding of ad hoc hypotheses〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 8.〕 and the consistency condition.〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 17.〕 He then demonstrates that these features imply that science could not progress, hence an absurdity for proponents of the scientific method. The historical case studies also act as a reductio.〔Lloyd, "Feyerabend, Mill, and Pluralism", p. S397.〕 Feyerabend takes the premise that Galileo's advancing of a heliocentric cosmology was an example of scientific progress. He then demonstrates that Galileo did not adhere to the conditions of methodological monism. Feyerabend also argues that, if Galileo had adhered to the conditions of methodological monism, then he could not have advanced a heliocentric cosmology. This implies that scientific progress would have been impaired by methodological monism. Again, an absurdity for proponents of the scientific method.〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 4th ed., p. 116.〕 Feyerabend summarises his reductios with the phrase "anything goes". This is his sarcastic imitation of "the terrified reaction of a rationalist who takes a closer look at history".〔Feyerabend, ''Against Method'', 3rd ed., p. vii〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Against Method」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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